Sonlight's Language Arts programs are so versatile. This year is the third time through Language Arts 1 for our family, and I have been able to tailor the program to meet the needs of each individual child. If one child needs more work with a certain concept, there are.States that want to go further could specify a grade-by-grade core of topics to be taught in elementary school. For a peek into a school that recently adopted Writing for Understanding—and some Listening & Learning domains from Core Knowledge Language. Core Knowledge Language Arts Grade 1 Skills Strand Workbook Units Units 7-8 Grade 1 (2.0) . Core Knowledge Language Arts Grade 1 Skills Strand Workbook Units 7-8 version 2.0.
Stern: A brilliant experiment in reading. The best predictor of future academic achievement for American students about to enter high school is the eighth- grade reading test administered by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, widely considered the gold standard in testing. If children don't reach reading proficiency by the eighth grade, they'll almost always hit a wall in other subjects, and they're unlikely to catch up in the next four years. By that standard, the educational prospects for most of New York City's 1 million public school students are dismal: Only 2. NAEP reading test. Even more ominously, no more than 1. Over the past decade, Gotham's education department has tried several initiatives to fix this, including giving cash bonuses to teachers and principals and paying minority children to show up in class and behave. These financial incentives had no discernible effect on eighth- graders' reading performance. Yet there is a ray of reading hope in the city: the Core Knowledge Language Arts Program, a new reading program being piloted in 1. Bronx and Queens. The program derives from the research of E. Hirsch Jr., author of . Among Hirsch's insights is that disadvantaged kids quickly fall behind in reading because of inadequate background knowledge; therefore, imparting such knowledge in the early grades is even more important than conveying basic reading skills. Hirsch diagnoses the problem this way: . But the effect wore off by the eighth grade, as children had to show greater comprehension of more difficult texts. What was missing, Hirsch believed, was greater attention in the early grades to building students' background knowledge. So Hirsch and his foundation created a reading program for the early grades that contained the necessary phonics drills as well as the background knowledge that students need to improve their reading comprehension. Joel Klein, at the time the city's schools chancellor, became a late admirer of Hirsch's ideas - and, starting in September 2. Core Knowledge reading program in a handful of schools as a three- year experiment. To monitor the experiment, Klein matched these schools with a demographically similar group of schools that used the dominant . The second- year study showed that the Core Knowledge kids made reading gains twice as great as those of students in the control group. The results of the third- year study, now that the children have completed second grade, won't be announced until sometime this autumn, probably at about the same time as the 2. NAEP reading results are made public. It is probable that the Core Knowledge program will continue to show promising results, while scores on the NAEP eighth- grade reading test will be as stagnant as ever. If that's the case, the rational course of action would be to keep funding the pilot until its cohort of students reaches the eighth grade and aces the NAEP test, showing the education authorities that the solution to the city's reading problem is in plain sight. Unfortunately, rationality is usually in short supply at the Department of Education; Klein has moved on, and it's not clear whether Hirsch's reading program remains on the department's agenda. Right now, there's no guaranteed funding for continuation of the program. Keeping this potential breakthrough alive would cost a mere $3. Stern is a contributing editor of City Journal and a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute. This was adapted from the Summer 2. City Journal. Send a Letter to the Editor. Join the Conversation: facebook.
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While a global catastrophic risk may kill the vast majority of life on earth, humanity could still potentially recover. An existential risk, on the other hand, is one that either destroys humanity (and, presumably, all but the most rudimentary species of non- human lifeforms and/or plant life) entirely or prevents any chance of civilization recovering. Bostrom considers existential risks to be far more significant. Posner singles out such events as worthy of special attention on cost- benefit grounds because they could directly or indirectly jeopardize the survival of the human race as a whole. Radley Balko Washington Post blogger and former reason staffer 'Ugh. I guess I'd say Trump is worse. Clinton is at least a known commodity, and clearly. HowStuffWorks is an American commercial edutainment website founded by Marshall Brain to provide its target audience an insight into the way many things work. He thinks the most likely sources of bangs are malicious use of nanotechnology, nuclear war, and the possibility that the universe is a simulation that will end. The most likely causes of this, he believes, are exhaustion of natural resources, a stable global government that prevents technological progress, or dysgenic pressures that lower average intelligence. For example, if a single mind enhances its powers by merging with a computer, it could dominate human civilization. Bostrom believes that this scenario is most likely, followed by flawed superintelligence and a repressive totalitarian regime. He thinks the most likely cause would be evolution changing moral preference, followed by extraterrestrial invasion. In 2. 00. 8, a small but illustrious group of experts on different global catastrophic risks at the Global Catastrophic Risk Conference at the University of Oxford suggested a 1. However, the conference report cautions that the method used to average responses to the informal survey is suspect due to the treatment of non- responses. Most attention has been given to risks to human civilization over the next 1. The types of threats posed by nature may prove relatively constant, though new risks could be discovered. Anthropogenic threats, however, are likely to change dramatically with the development of new technology; while volcanoes have been a threat throughout history, nuclear weapons have only been an issue since the 2. Historically, the ability of experts to predict the future over these timescales has proved very limited. Man- made threats such as nuclear war or nanotechnology are harder to predict than natural threats, due to the inherent methodological difficulties in the social sciences. The Myth: When exposed to the vacuum of space, the human body pops. This myth is the result of science fiction movies which use it to add excitement or.With GetResponse Landing Pages, lead generation has never been easier. Now you can build and optimize web pages that are 100% responsive — with no. Global catastrophic vs existential. Philosopher Nick Bostrom classifies risks according to their scope and intensity. A 'global catastrophic risk' is any risk that is. In general, it is hard to estimate the magnitude of the risk from this or other dangers, especially as both international relations and technology can change rapidly. Existential risks pose unique challenges to prediction, even more than other long- term events, because of observation selection effects. Unlike with most events, the failure of a complete extinction event to occur in the past is not evidence against their likelihood in the future, because every world that has experienced such an extinction event has no observers, so regardless of their frequency, no civilization observes existential risks in its history. This is known as the Fermi paradox. One of the many proposed reasons, although not widely accepted, that humans have not yet encountered intelligent life from other planets (aside from the possibility that it does not exist), could be due to the probability of existential catastrophes. Namely, other potentially intelligent civilizations have been wiped out before humans could find them or they could find Earth. Derek Parfit argues that extinction would be a great loss because our descendants could potentially survive for a billion years before the expansion of the Sun makes the Earth uninhabitable. If future humans colonize space, they may be able to support a very large number of people on other planets, potentially lasting for trillions of years. Exponential discounting might make these future benefits much less significant. Gaverick Matheny has argued that such discounting is inappropriate when assessing the value of existential risk reduction. Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid- range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage. For example, when people are motivated to donate money to altruistic causes, the quantity they are willing to give does not increase linearly with the magnitude of the issue: people are roughly as concerned about 2. It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so. Furthermore, the vast majority of the benefits may be enjoyed by far future generations, and though these quadrillions of future people would be willing to pay massive sums for existential risk reduction, the obvious transaction difficulties prevent them from doing so. The most common concern in this category is global warming or environmental degradation. Some of these have caused mass extinctions in the past. On the other hand, some risks are man- made, such as engineered pandemics or nuclear war. According to the Future of Humanity Institute, human extinction is more likely to result from anthropogenic causes than natural causes.
They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi- autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved . He also argues that research into artificial intelligence is biased by anthropomorphism. Since people base their judgments of artificial intelligence on their own experience, he claims that they underestimate the potential power of AI. He distinguishes between risks due to technical failure of AI, which means that flawed algorithms prevent the AI from carrying out its intended goals, and philosophical failure, which means that the AI is programmed to realize a flawed ideology. Such a catastrophe may be brought about by usage in warfare, terrorist attacks or by accident. Global warming reflects abnormal variations to the expected climate within the Earth's atmosphere and subsequent effects on other parts of the Earth. Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather- related disasters. Effects of global warming include loss of biodiversity, stresses to existing food- producing systems, increased spread of known infectious diseases such as malaria, and rapid mutation of microorganisms. It has been suggested that runaway global warming (runaway climate change) might cause Earth to become searingly hot like Venus. In less extreme scenarios, it could cause the end of civilization as we know it. Most of these scenarios involve one or more of the following: Holocene extinction event, scarcity of water that could lead to approximately one half of the Earth's population being without safe drinking water, pollinator decline, overfishing, massive deforestation, desertification, climate change, or massive water pollution episodes. A very recent threat in this direction is colony collapse disorder. As the bee plays a vital role in pollination, its extinction would severely disrupt the food chain. Experimental technology accident. For example, scientists worried that the first nuclear test might ignite the atmosphere. These particular concerns have been refuted. This could help coordinate efforts for arms control. International institutions dedicated specifically to nanotechnology (perhaps analogously to the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA) or general arms control may also be designed. Nowadays, however, nanotech experts - including Drexler - discredit the scenario. According to Chris Phoenix a . Although the probability of a nuclear war per year is slim, Professor Martin Hellman, described it as inevitable in the long run; unless the probability approaches zero, inevitably there will come a day when civilization's luck runs out. Kennedy estimated the odds of nuclear war as being . Detonating such a large amount of nuclear weaponry would have a long- term effect on the climate, causing cold weather and reduced sunlight. The Green Revolution in agriculture helped food production to keep pace with worldwide population growth or actually enabled population growth. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled irrigation. Economy the maximum U. S. To achieve a sustainable economy and avert disaster, the United States must reduce its population by at least one- third, and world population will have to be reduced by two- thirds, says the study. Geologist Dale Allen Pfeiffer claims that coming decades could see spiraling food prices without relief and massive starvation on a global level such as never experienced before. Extant fungal infections such as Ug. Little or no treatment is possible and infection spreads on the wind. Should the world's large grain producing areas become infected then there would be a crisis in wheat availability leading to price spikes and shortages in other food products. The Chicxulub asteroid, for example, is theorized to have caused the extinction of the non- avian dinosaurs 6. Cretaceous. If such an object struck Earth it could have a serious impact on civilization. It is even possible that humanity would be completely destroyed. For this to occur, the asteroid would need to be at least 1 km (0. Small near- Earth asteroids are regularly observed. In 1. 4 million years, the star Gliese 7. Earth when it passes within 1. Sun, perturbing the Oort cloud. Dynamic models by Garc. It was removed in 1. 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Take your time and enjoy. Everyone. today is exposed to electronic devices in one way or another. Electricity is the movement. This module will introduce you to many of the basic concepts involved with. You will learn. about the properties of magnets and how magnets are used to produce electric. All matter can be classified as being either a. In Quantum Field Theory (QFT) you will learn that everything may very well be a field/wave but that is another story for much later in our learning process. Here we will stick to thinking in classical physics terms. ELECTRICAL. CHARGE - Any. Watch the video. ELECTRICALFIELDS- Around. Ohm spent many years of. Different Types Of Capacitors And Their Uses Pdf FreeComponents are. interconnected to perform a specific task. Continue your study by reading the numbered. Get the Malvino books below if you need an easy to read but excellent book to learn electronics as a technician. Malvino. Electronic Principles. Instructor's. Manual for Malvino.. A resistor of one million. A resistance that develops 0. Electrical current, represented by the letter. The unit of electrical current is the ampere, named after a french. Andre Marie Ampere. What is electrical voltage? There is a special equation for the combined. R1 and R2: Combined. R. . = R1. . . This adds up the reciprocal (. Black, 1=Brown. 2=Red, 3=Orange, 4=Yellow, 5=Green, 6=Blue, 7=Purple, 8=Gray, 9=White. That. is: R = V . As an experiment you can set up a. Also read this tutorial on how to test capacitors. CAPACITOR. Value Conversions: Some. Pico farads. Take a break and. Amazon. com items below. Different Types Of Capacitors And Their Uses Pdf995While this web site provides a quick background in basic electronics. Reading, and studying and having books for reference is your main pathto a solid foundation in basic electronics and electrical engineering. Your support is appreciated. Thank you! Get an Arduino Starter kit to learn hands on about electronics and microcontrollers. Now continue below with your free. Calculators: Inductor. Calculator. Shavano. Music Online - Cross- Over Network; Air Core Inductor. Jim. Hawkins' Java Radio Calculators. Inductor. Calculator. RF. Cafe - Inductor Calculator Spreadsheet. DC. . Choke Design Calculator. The. . educational encyclopedia, datasheets. Circuit. . Sage: Inductor Tools and Links. The. . Engineers' Club Online Service - Engineering Calculators. Today. you must learn about powdered iron cores and ferrite materials for winding. The cores will be made from different materials. For core material table: https: //www. To calculate the approximate inductance of a toroid, use. JAVA calculator found here: http: //hyperphysics. Courtesy of Carl R. Those with permeabilities up to 8. Higher permeability ferrites are usually made. Iron powder cores are usually color coded and have very high volume. An initial test of the material can be made by checking the dc. Low readings indicate a. If you can measure inductance at a low frequency. Hz), wind 1. 0 turns of wire on the core and measure the inductance. You. can then work back from the ferrite material formula and calculate the AL value, which can be compared. If 1. 0 turns does not give a measurable reading try 2. This arrangement provides a 1: 1 equivalent so that the. Losses are doubled by using two. Set the transmitter to. Increase. the power output in small steps (say 5 - 1. W per step) holding each setting for. The transformers. NEVER hot. When the final temperature of. C you can say that you have reached. Some cores will get hot at very low. You have to make a value judgment about the core physical size versus. Ferrite. (software program) is used to calculate the number of turns required on. This program will. Style: CONSOLE , File size: 6. K , zipped 3. 1K. Bug Fixes: Thanks to PA3. CKR for the bug report ; fixed Jan 1. Current Version is 1/1. Download the ferrite. A video on inductors. Please look at some of the links below for more detailed study of resonant circuits. Links. to other interesting web site about toroids and other inductors. Useful. hints concerning winding toroid coils. Building. a toroid http: //www. Toroid. Inductance Charts http: //www. Do. you need math skills to understand electronics? See our mathematics section for more math links. Scared of calculus symbols? So, dx simply. means a small amount of whatever x represents. So, if f(x)=2x- 3, you can put in some value, say 6, and. Differentiation of a function is the generation of another function for which. For any given x, there is a y that is. The derivative of this function happens to be f. So, at x=4, f(x)=4^2=1. The dy/dx means instantaneous change in y divided by instantaneous change in x. So. between two points on a curve, the y- value of the second minus the y - value of. But we want the slope at a point, which poses. 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